Startups & ideation
How to use a chat assistant (ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini) as a sparring partner for startup ideas: generating and filtering ideas, preparing customer interviews, sizing markets without fooling yourself, sketching business models, scoping an MVP, drafting a pitch deck, and having the model play a skeptical investor or customer. Every full prompt here uses the skeleton from fundamentals, and the prompt chain takes one idea to a validation plan. The method itself lives in the idea-to-MVP sheets (ideation, validation, building the MVP, launch and iterate) and the money side in startup finance; this sheet is about prompting. Messaging and channels are in marketing, founder-led selling in sales, and the modeling of numbers in financial analysis.
How experts think
| Expert habit | What it means | What it changes in your prompt |
|---|---|---|
| Problem first | start from a painful problem for specific people, not a technology or a solution | describe the person and the painful moment before any feature |
| "Make something people want" | YC's motto (Paul Graham, "Be Good"); everything else is secondary to real demand | ask how you'd know people want it, not whether it's clever |
| Founder–market fit | your knowledge, access and credibility in the market are your early edge | tell the model what you know and whom you can reach |
| Evidence over opinion | past behavior and money beat compliments and predictions, including the model's | never treat the model's enthusiasm, or a simulated customer, as validation |
| Riskiest assumption first | test whatever would kill the idea, as cheaply as possible | ask "what's the cheapest test of the assumption most likely to be wrong?" |
| Narrow and deep | a few people who want it badly beat many who want it a little | ask for the narrowest segment that's desperate |
| Count, don't extrapolate | market size from reachable customers × price, not "1% of a big number" | ask for bottom-up sizing with every input labeled |
| Kill early, cheaply | ideas are hypotheses; most should die before code | ask for kill criteria with numbers before you start |
Vocabulary
| Term | What it means | Say it like |
|---|---|---|
| Problem hypothesis | a testable statement: who struggles with what, why, and what it costs today | "Rewrite my idea as a problem hypothesis, with no solution in it." |
| Founder–market fit | how well your knowledge, access, credibility and motivation fit the market | "Score my founder–market fit for each idea and say what would raise it." |
| Organic vs. made-up idea | one noticed from real experience / one invented to sound like a startup (Graham's "sitcom" ideas) | "Which of these sound made-up, and why?" |
| Tarpit idea | looks easy and unclaimed but has failed many times for structural reasons (YC's term) | "Is this a tarpit? Who tried it and why did they fail?" |
| Schlep | a tedious, unglamorous task people avoid, which hides opportunities | "List the schleps in this industry that nobody wants to do." |
| Why now | the recent change (technology, regulation, behavior, cost) that makes this possible or necessary | "Give the specific 'why now' or say there isn't one." |
| Wedge | a narrow first product that gets you into a market you can expand from | "What's the smallest wedge into this workflow?" |
| Unbundling / rebundling | pulling one use case out of a big general product / combining tools people stitch together | "Which tab of this suite would make a standalone product?" |
| SCAMPER | idea checklist: substitute, combine, adapt, modify, put to another use, eliminate, reverse | "Run SCAMPER on how dentists book appointments today." |
| Jobs to be done (JTBD) | the progress someone is trying to make in a circumstance; what they "hire" a product for | "Write the job as 'when…, I want to…, so I can…'." |
| Early adopter | someone who has the problem, knows it, and is already trying to solve it | "Describe early adopters by what they've already tried." |
| Customer interview | a conversation about the person's past behavior, not your idea | "Write an interview guide that never mentions my product." |
| The Mom Test | Rob Fitzpatrick's rules: talk about their life, ask about specific past events, listen more | "Rewrite these questions to pass The Mom Test." |
| Commitment / advancement | evidence a meeting worked: they gave time, reputation or money / moved to a next concrete step | "What commitment could I ask for at the end of this call?" |
| Smoke test | a cheap test of demand before building (landing page, ads, fake door) | "Design a smoke test with a pass threshold set in advance." |
| Fake door | a button or plan for something not built yet, leading to an honest "not ready" page | "Where would a fake door test give the clearest signal?" |
| Concierge MVP | delivering the outcome manually and openly for a few customers | "Design a concierge version I can run for 5 customers next week." |
| Wizard of Oz | the product looks automated, but a human does the work behind the scenes | "Which parts could be Wizard of Oz at first?" |
| Pre-sale / LOI | payment or deposit before the product exists / a signed letter of intent | "Draft a fully refundable pre-sale offer." |
| MVP | the smallest product that tests your riskiest assumption with real users | "Cut this feature list to the one core loop." |
| Core loop | the repeated action that delivers value and brings users back | "What is the core loop, and what's outside it?" |
| Riskiest assumption | the belief that is most likely wrong and most damaging if it is | "Rank my assumptions by lethality × lack of evidence." |
| TAM / SAM / SOM | total, serviceable and obtainable market, each as customers × annual price | "Size TAM, SAM and SOM bottom-up, labeling every input." |
| Top-down vs. bottom-up sizing | starting from an industry total / counting reachable customers × price | "Show both and explain the gap." |
| Business model | how the company makes money: who pays, for what, how often | "Compare subscription, usage-based and transaction pricing for this." |
| Unit economics | whether one customer is worth more than it costs to get and serve | "Sketch unit economics with ranges, not point estimates." |
| CAC / LTV / payback | cost to acquire a customer / gross margin they bring over their life / months to earn back CAC | "What CAC can this LTV support?" |
| Gross margin | revenue minus direct costs of delivering, as a share of revenue | "Estimate gross margin including inference and support costs." |
| Burn / runway | net cash spent per month / months until cash runs out | "With this burn, what's our runway?" |
| Default alive | on current trends, the company reaches profitability before cash runs out (Graham) | "Am I default alive? Show the assumptions." |
| Moat | a durable advantage that's hard to copy: network effects, data, switching costs, brand, scale | "What moat could this build in 3 years, honestly?" |
| Network effects | the product gets more valuable as more people use it | "Does value really grow with users, or just with content?" |
| Competitive alternatives | everything customers could do instead, including spreadsheets and nothing | "List alternatives, including doing nothing, and why people stay with them." |
| Product–market fit (PMF) | being in a good market with a product that satisfies it (Andreessen) | "What signals would show PMF for this segment?" |
| Pivot | a structured change of one part of the strategy to test a new hypothesis (Ries) | "Which pivot types fit what we learned?" |
| Red team | a deliberate attempt to find how a plan fails | "Red-team this plan as a competitor would." |
| Pre-mortem | imagine the venture has failed, then list why (Gary Klein) | "It's two years later and we shut down. Write the post-mortem." |
| Steelman | the strongest version of the opposing argument | "Steelman the case against building this." |
Where the model helps and where it misleads
| Model tendency | How it shows up | Counter-prompt |
|---|---|---|
| Agreeableness (sycophancy) | praises your idea, especially when it can tell it's yours | present ideas neutrally ("evaluate these three"), ask for the strongest case against, ask in a fresh chat |
| Plausible, made-up ideas | generic "X for Y" and "AI-powered platform" ideas | give your experience and constraints; ask for problems you've observed, not ideas |
| Invented numbers | confident market sizes, growth rates and "studies" | ask for formulas and labeled assumptions; ask for sources and open them yourself |
| Stale or partial knowledge | misses recent competitors or funding; lists dead companies as live | treat competitor lists as a starting point; search for current ones yourself |
| False precision | "$4.27B TAM" from guesses | ask for ranges and the single input that moves the answer most |
| Simulated customers feel real | role-played users "love" features | use role-play to rehearse interviews and generate hypotheses only; real people validate |
| Legal and tax confidence | firm answers on securities law, tax or incorporation | use it to prepare questions for a lawyer or accountant, not as advice |
Ideation methods
The full method, with scoring matrices and the tarpit check, is on ideation. Here is how each technique translates into a prompt.
| Method | What it does | Prompt move |
|---|---|---|
| Problem journal mining | turns your own recurring annoyances into candidates | paste a week of notes; ask for recurring problems, who else has them, and what they cost |
| Founder–market fit first | starts from what you know and whom you can reach | list your jobs, skills, communities and contacts; ask for problems in those domains only |
| "Make something people want" | keeps the focus on demand | for each idea ask: "Who wants this badly, how would I find 10 of them this week, and what do they do today?" |
| Trends and "why now" | finds newly possible or newly necessary products | list recent changes you've noticed; ask who is newly underserved by each |
| Unbundling | carves a focused product out of a sprawling one | name a big tool your industry uses; ask which workflow inside it is used intensely by a niche and served badly |
| Rebundling | combines tools people already chain together | describe the 3–5 tools a role juggles; ask what a combined product would replace |
| SCAMPER | forces variations on an existing process (Bob Eberle's checklist from the early 1970s, built on Alex Osborn's questions) | describe today's process; ask for one idea per letter, then which survive the tarpit check |
| Jobs to be done | reframes ideas as progress people want | ask for the job, the current "hire", and what they'd fire it for |
| Constraint prompts | escapes obvious ideas | "only for accountants", "must work offline", "boring B2B only", "under the price of a coffee a month" |
| Proven model, new niche | ports a working business to a segment you know | ask what niche insight would make it work there, or whether it's a made-up idea |
Validation with a model
A model can't validate anything: only real people in the segment, through past behavior, commitments and money, can. It is very useful around validation: writing interview guides that obey The Mom Test, rehearsing interviews, synthesizing notes, designing smoke tests and setting thresholds in advance. The method is on validation.
| Task | What to ask for | What to check |
|---|---|---|
| Interview guide | questions about the last time the problem happened, what they tried, what it cost; no mention of your idea | every question is about the past and specific; none is hypothetical or leading |
| Rehearsal | the model plays a realistic interviewee who rambles, deflects and offers compliments | you steer back to specifics; you ask for a commitment at the end |
| Synthesis | themes with verbatim quotes and counts across interviews | each theme quotes real people; nothing invented; contradictions surfaced |
| Signal grading | classify each statement as compliment, opinion, past behavior or commitment | compliments and predictions aren't counted as evidence |
| Smoke test | the test, traffic source, metric and pass/fail threshold written before launch | threshold derived from your economics, not a borrowed benchmark |
| Pre-sale | a refundable pre-order or LOI wording with a price and a date | honest about what exists and when; refund terms clear |
BAD (fails The Mom Test) GOOD
"Would you use an app that…?" "When did this last happen? Walk me through it."
"How much would you pay?" "What do you spend on this today, in money or time?"
"Is this a big problem?" "What have you already tried? Why did you stop?"
"Do you like this idea?" (don't ask; keep the conversation on their life)Market sizing and checking the numbers
Top-down sizing starts from an industry total ("pet care is a $X billion market") and takes a share. It's quick, impossible to falsify and tells you nothing about whether anyone will buy. Bottom-up sizing counts customers you could reach and multiplies by a price they'd pay. The method is on ideation.
BOTTOM-UP SIZING (every count and price is an ASSUMPTION for
illustration; replace each with a sourced number)
Product: appointment and reminder software for vet clinics
Price: 300 USD/month = 3,600 USD/year per clinic
TAM all vet clinics in the US, assume 30,000 x 3,600 = 108M/yr
SAM independent clinics with 1-5 vets, assume 12,000
x 3,600 = 43.2M/yr
SOM share won in 3 years, assume 2% of SAM = 240 clinics
x 3,600 = 864k/yr
Source to look up: US Census County Business Patterns counts
establishments by industry code (NAICS 541940, veterinary
services); cross-check with a second method (association
membership, directory listings).Checking the model's numbers. Models produce market sizes with total confidence and no basis.
| Check | Prompt or action |
|---|---|
| Every input labeled | "Label each number as SOURCED (with the source) or ASSUMED." |
| Sources are real | open every cited source yourself; models invent reports and figures |
| Arithmetic | "Recompute step by step"; or redo it in a spreadsheet |
| Two methods | size by counting customers and, separately, from competitors' revenue or spend; explain the gap |
| Sanity | is the implied spend per customer plausible against what they spend on the alternative today? |
| Sensitivity | "Which single input changes SOM most? Give low, base and high." |
| Units and periods | monthly vs. annual, per seat vs. per account, revenue vs. GMV |
Business models and unit economics
| Model | Who pays, for what | Key numbers to ask about |
|---|---|---|
| Subscription (SaaS) | a recurring fee per account or seat | MRR/ARR, churn, net revenue retention, CAC payback, gross margin |
| Usage-based | per unit consumed (calls, messages, compute) | revenue and cost per unit, expansion, bill shock risk |
| Marketplace | a take rate on transactions between two sides | GMV, take rate, liquidity (share of listings that sell), repeat rate |
| Transactional / e-commerce | per purchase | average order value, contribution margin after shipping and returns, repeat purchase rate |
| Freemium | most use free; some upgrade | free-to-paid conversion, cost to serve free users |
| Advertising | advertisers pay for attention | active users, engagement, revenue per user, CPM |
| Hardware | per device, sometimes plus a subscription | bill of materials, gross margin, inventory cash, attach rate |
| Services / agency | per project or hour | utilization, billable rate, margin per project, how it scales |
Ask the model to state unit economics as ranges and to show where each number came from. The formulas, worked examples and why simple LTV overstates are on startup finance; paste that structure into your prompt rather than letting the model choose its own definitions.
Competition analysis
Start from competitive alternatives, not just startups: spreadsheets, an intern, an agency, an incumbent's built-in feature, doing nothing. The strongest competitor is often the status quo. A model knows many companies but not reliably which are alive, how they're priced now, or who launched last month; use it to structure the analysis and generate search queries, then verify.
COMPETITION TABLE (ask the model to fill what it can and mark gaps)
Alternative | Type (direct / indirect / workaround / nothing) |
Who uses it | Price (verify) | Loved for | Hated for (from reviews)
| What it would take to switch
Then: what are they all overlooking? why can't they copy it fast?Useful raw material to paste in: 2- and 3-star reviews from review sites and app stores, forum threads, competitors' pricing pages, job posts that mention the workaround. "We have no competitors" is a red flag; see ideation.
MVP scoping
The MVP's job is to test the riskiest assumption with real users, fast. Models love long feature lists; your prompt should force cuts.
| MVP type | What it is | Tests |
|---|---|---|
| Landing page / smoke test | a page with a promise and a call to action | interest and message |
| Concierge | you deliver the outcome by hand, openly | whether the outcome is valued enough to pay |
| Wizard of Oz | looks automated, humans do the work | whether people use it the way you think |
| Single-feature product | one core loop, nothing else | retention on the core value |
| Stitched tools | no-code and existing services glued together | the workflow before you build it |
MVP CUT RULES (paste into the prompt)
- Name the riskiest assumption; every feature must help test it
- One core loop; list everything outside it as "not now"
- Manual or no-code wherever users won't notice
- Buildable in 2-4 weeks by [team, e.g. me and 1 developer]
- Define the success metric and threshold before buildingThe build itself is on building the MVP.
Pitch decks and fundraising
Standard slide order
This extends the outline in Sequoia's Writing a Business Plan (purpose, problem, solution, why now, market, competition, business model, team, financials, vision), which most seed decks resemble, with slides for traction, go-to-market and the ask. Lead with traction if it's your strongest card.
| # | Slide | One question it answers |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Title and one-liner | what do you do, in one plain sentence? |
| 2 | Problem | whose pain, how bad, how do they cope today? |
| 3 | Solution | what you built and the moment it clicks (a demo or screenshots) |
| 4 | Why now | what changed that makes this possible or necessary? |
| 5 | Market | how many customers × what price, bottom-up |
| 6 | Traction | users, revenue, retention, growth rate; the best real number |
| 7 | Business model | who pays, how much, unit economics so far |
| 8 | Competition | alternatives, and the insight they're missing |
| 9 | Go-to-market | how you reach customers repeatably |
| 10 | Team | why you are the people to do this |
| 11 | Financials and use of funds | what the money buys and the milestones it reaches |
| 12 | The ask | how much you're raising, on what instrument |
YC's library has a guide to building a seed-round deck and Michael Seibel's pitching advice is summarized in persuasive writing.
Fundraising vocabulary
General information, not legal or investment advice. Mechanics and worked cap tables are on startup finance.
| Term | Accurate definition |
|---|---|
| Pre-seed | the earliest outside money (angels, accelerators, friends and family), usually before product–market fit, often on SAFEs; sizes vary widely by market and year |
| Seed | the first round meant to fund the search for product–market fit and early growth; SAFEs or a priced round |
| Series A | usually the first large priced round led by a venture firm, typically after strong early traction |
| Priced round | the sale of shares (usually preferred stock) at an agreed price per share and valuation |
| SAFE | simple agreement for future equity (YC, 2013): the investor pays now for the right to shares in a future priced round; not debt, no interest, no maturity date; the post-money SAFE has been YC's standard since 2018 |
| Valuation cap | the maximum valuation at which a SAFE converts; with a post-money SAFE, the investor's ownership just before the priced round is investment ÷ post-money cap |
| Discount | a SAFE or note term letting the investor convert at a percentage below the priced round's share price |
| MFN | most favored nation: if later SAFEs get better terms, the holder can adopt them |
| Convertible note | debt that converts into equity at a later round, with interest and a maturity date |
| Pre-money / post-money valuation | value before / after the new money; post-money = pre-money + new money; a new investor's ownership = investment ÷ post-money |
| Dilution | the fall in existing owners' percentage when new shares are issued; the value of their stake can still rise |
| Cap table | the capitalization table: who owns what (shares, options, SAFEs, notes), usually shown fully diluted |
| Fully diluted | counting all issued shares, options, the unissued option pool and convertibles as if converted |
| Option pool | shares reserved for employee equity; investors often require it be created or topped up in the pre-money, which dilutes founders |
| Pro rata right | an investor's right to buy into later rounds to keep its percentage |
| Liquidation preference | preferred holders get their money back (commonly 1×, non-participating) before common holders in a sale |
| Term sheet / lead investor | a mostly non-binding summary of deal terms / the investor who sets terms, often with the largest check |
A dilution check you can run on any model answer (ignoring the option pool, which dilutes founders further):
Founders own 100%.
SAFE: 500k USD at a 5M USD post-money cap
-> SAFE holder owns 500k / 5M = 10% just before the priced round
-> founders 90%
Seed: 2M USD at 8M USD pre-money -> post-money 10M USD
-> seed investors own 2M / 10M = 20%
-> everyone before is multiplied by 0.8
Result: founders 72%, SAFE holder 8%, seed 20% (sums to 100%)
Checks: post = pre + new money; columns sum to 100%;
SAFE % = amount / post-money cap.1/3
Founders own 100%. Nothing else is on the cap table yet.
Skeptical investors, customers and red teams
The most valuable use of a model in startups is as a well-briefed skeptic. Give it a persona with incentives, tell it to push back, and ask for specifics you can act on.
| Role | Set it up as | Useful for |
|---|---|---|
| Seed investor who passes on 99% | "You see 1,000 pitches a year; you need to believe this could be very large and that this team will win." | the 10 questions that would make you pass; weak slides |
| Skeptical target customer | a specific role with a current workaround, a budget owner and a bad past experience with vendors | rehearsing interviews and sales calls; finding objections |
| Competitor's product lead | "Your company could copy this; how would you respond in 90 days?" | testing moats and differentiation |
| Pre-mortem facilitator | "It's two years later and the company has shut down." | the most likely causes of failure, ranked |
| Steelman opponent | "Make the strongest case that this shouldn't be built." | ideas you're too attached to |
| Due-diligence analyst | "Check every number in this deck for consistency and plausibility." | arithmetic, units, contradictions |
Brief the model
Each input has a slot in the skeleton; the prompts below show them in place. Raw material (notes, reviews, CSVs) goes
in <materials>, first.
| Input | Slot | Why it matters | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Observed problems, with specifics | <materials> | turns a generic brainstorm into organic ideas | "Clinic managers phone no-shows by hand every morning." |
| Evidence so far, graded | <materials> | the model can tell what's proven vs. hoped | "12 interviews; 8 mentioned no-shows unprompted; 2 pre-orders at $100." |
| Numbers you have and their source | <materials> | sizing and unit economics need real inputs | "Price tested at $300/month on 5 clinics; 3 said yes." |
| Interview notes, reviews, pricing pages | <materials> | the model works from what people said, not what it imagines | "Notes from 9 interviews, one block each; 2- and 3-star reviews of the main competitor." |
| Your background and access | <context> | founder–market fit is the main filter | "8 years as a vet-clinic IT contractor; know ~40 clinic managers." |
| Goal and ambition | <context> | a venture-scale idea and a profitable small business need different answers | "Want a bootstrapped business at $500k ARR in 3 years; not raising yet." |
| Competitors you already know | <context> | so it adds rather than repeats | "Know of PetDesk-style apps; clinics say they're too expensive." |
| Decision you're making | <task> | focuses the output | "Choosing which of 3 ideas to validate next week." |
| Constraints | <requirements> | stops ideas you can't pursue | "Solo, technical, 6 months of runway, no hardware, US only." |
| What you want challenged | <quality_bar> | aims the skepticism | "Assume I'm in love with this idea; attack it." |
| Output format | <output_format> | tables and scores are easier to compare | "A table, then a recommendation with what would change it." |
What to ask for
| Stage | Deliverables to ask for by name |
|---|---|
| Ideation | problem list from your notes; ideas scored on founder–market fit, pain, reachability, why now; tarpit and made-up checks; problem hypothesis one-pager |
| Validation | Mom Test interview guide; recruiting message; interview rehearsal; synthesis with quotes and counts; signal grading table; smoke test card with threshold; pre-sale offer |
| Market | bottom-up TAM/SAM/SOM with labeled inputs; sensitivity table; list of sources to look up; competitor and alternatives table |
| Model and economics | Lean Canvas; business model options compared; pricing hypotheses; unit economics ranges; break-even and runway sketch |
| MVP | riskiest-assumption map; MVP type choice; core loop and "not now" list; success metric and threshold |
| Pitch | one-liner variants; deck outline in standard order; slide-by-slide critique; investor Q&A prep; data-room checklist |
| Fundraising prep | dilution scenarios; SAFE vs. priced round explainer for your situation; questions for a startup lawyer |
| Stress tests | pre-mortem; steelman against; red-team as a competitor; skeptical investor and customer role-plays; kill criteria |
The prompt chain
Four prompts take one idea to a validation plan: a problem hypothesis, the first customer segment, the riskiest assumptions ranked, a Mom Test interview script, a smoke test, and go/kill criteria written before any data comes in. Run stages 1–3 in one chat. Run stage 4 in a fresh chat, because a model reviewing its own draft shares its blind spots, and by then it has also been talked into your idea.
1. Interview
When you have an idea and want a plan to test it: the model asks what an experienced founder would ask first.
<materials>
[paste what you have: the idea in a paragraph, problem notes,
interview notes so far, competitor reviews you've collected]
</materials>
<task>
I want a validation plan for this idea. Before any evaluation or
plan, interview me. Ask at most 10 questions, grouped under: my
background and access to these customers (founder–market fit), the
problem (the last time I saw it happen), who has it worst, what they
do today and what it costs them, the evidence so far, my
constraints, and what I'm deciding.
</task>
<output_format>
For each question: one line on why it matters and 2–3 typical
answers, e.g. evidence so far: "a hunch", "5 conversations", "people
already paying for a workaround".
</output_format>
<process>
Ask all the questions in one message, then stop and wait. Don't tell
me whether the idea is good, and don't size the market yet. Never
invent numbers, names, quotes or sources: write [NEEDS SOURCE].
</process>2. Options
Once you've answered: pick how to validate, because the approaches differ in cost and in how strong their evidence is.
<task>
From my answers, propose 2–4 materially different ways to validate
this idea in [time box, e.g. 3 weeks], such as: 15–20 interviews by
The Mom Test first; a smoke test (landing page or fake door) with a
pass mark; a concierge pilot for 3–5 paying customers; a refundable
pre-sale or letters of intent.
</task>
<output_format>
A table: Approach | Riskiest assumption it tests | Evidence it
produces (compliments, past behavior, commitments or money) | Cost
and time | What could fool us. Then recommend one for my situation
and say what would change your mind.
</output_format>
<process>
Base the table on my answers; mark guesses [NEEDS SOURCE]. Stop after
the recommendation and wait for my choice.
</process>3. Produce
When you've chosen the approach: the plan, with every threshold set before the test runs.
<materials>
[paste your interview answers from stage 1, interview notes so far
(one block per person) and any numbers with their source: price
tests, customer counts, competitor prices]
</materials>
<context>
Me: [background and access, e.g. 8 years as IT contractor to vet
clinics; I know about 40 clinic managers]. Team:
[team: solo technical | solo non-technical | 2–3 founders]
with [runway, e.g. 6 months]. Goal:
[goal: venture-scale | profitable small business | side project].
Approach we chose:
[approach: interviews first | smoke test first | concierge pilot | pre-sale]
for the next [time box, e.g. 3 weeks].
</context>
<task>
Write the validation plan for this idea: the document I follow for
the time box and use at the end to decide go, re-segment or kill.
</task>
<requirements>
- Problem hypothesis: who, what struggle, when, what it costs today;
no solution in it.
- First segment: the narrowest group that has it worst, how I'll find
20 of them, and the early-adopter signal (already trying to fix it).
- Riskiest assumptions: 5, ranked by lethality × lack of evidence,
each with its cheapest test.
- Interview script by The Mom Test: past, specific events only; no
pitch, no hypotheticals; probes for vague answers; 2 commitment asks.
- Smoke test: what it is, traffic source, metric, pass threshold
derived from my unit economics (show the arithmetic), run dates.
- Go/kill criteria as numbers with a decision date, written now.
- A bottom-up count of reachable customers only if my materials hold
the inputs; label each input SOURCED or ASSUMED.
- Never invent numbers, names, quotes or sources: write [NEEDS SOURCE]
where support is missing.
</requirements>
<quality_bar>
Before answering, check your draft against:
- The riskiest assumption is tested first, not the easiest one.
- Only past behavior, commitments and money count as evidence.
- Every threshold has a number and a date, and could actually fail.
- No interview question mentions my idea or asks about the future.
- A skeptical investor would accept the kill criteria as real.
</quality_bar>
<output_format>
Under 1,000 words, in sections: Problem hypothesis; Segment; Riskiest
assumptions (table: Assumption | Evidence now | Test | Pass mark |
Date); Interview script; Smoke test card; Go/kill criteria;
Week-by-week schedule.
</output_format>
<process>
Ask me up to 3 questions first if anything missing would change your
answer; otherwise go on.
End with a list of the assumptions you made.
</process>4. Review
In a fresh chat, so the reviewer hasn't been sold on the idea: paste the brief and the plan, and get a critique, not a rewrite.
This is a fresh chat. Below are a validation plan and the brief behind
it. Critique the plan; don't rewrite it, and don't assume the idea is
good.
<materials>
<brief>
[paste the stage 3 prompt and its materials]
</brief>
<plan>
[paste the validation plan]
</plan>
</materials>
<task>
Review whether this plan would tell me the truth about the idea in
the time it allows.
</task>
<requirements>
- Score 1–5, quoting the plan: problem-first; segment narrow and
reachable; riskiest assumption tested first; questions pass The Mom
Test; thresholds set in advance and able to fail; kill criteria
real; numbers traceable to SOURCED or ASSUMED inputs.
- Name any test a polite but uninterested customer could pass.
- Never invent numbers, names, quotes or sources: write [NEEDS SOURCE]
where support is missing.
</requirements>
<output_format>
The score table; then the fixes ranked by how badly each flaw would
mislead me, worst first; then the one question to answer before
starting.
</output_format>
<process>
Don't rewrite the plan. End with a list of the assumptions you made.
</process>Goals and loops
In an agent that runs commands and checks its own work, such as Claude Code, the Produce stage can run until it
measurably passes: /goal keeps starting turns until a condition holds, and /loop repeats a prompt or skill on
an interval. The checker reads only the conversation, so every condition below names a check whose output Claude
prints, the constraints that must survive, and a bound. How to write your own:
Goals and loops.
| Task | Completion condition |
|---|---|
| Interview synthesis | /goal synthesis.md covers all 12 transcripts in interviews/ (list them), every insight quotes at least two transcripts with file and line, and nothing is marked validated without a behavior behind it (a payment, a sign-up); or stop after 10 turns |
| Bottom-up market size | /goal python sizing.py reproduces the SOM in the memo within 1% from inputs.csv, and every input cites a source or is marked [NEEDS SOURCE] (print the inputs table); or stop after 8 turns |
| Smoke-test page | /goal npm run build exits 0, the sign-up form posts to the test endpoint (show the response), and the analytics event fires (show the log line); or stop after 10 turns |
Loops that fit: while a smoke test runs, /loop 1h to report visits, sign-ups and conversion against the pass mark, and stop when a go or kill threshold is crossed or the test window ends.
What a checker can't judge: whether to keep going. Decide that with the go and kill criteria you wrote before the test, not with a model's enthusiasm.
Prompt library
One entry per deliverable, outside the validation plan above. Quick is the minimum that still works; Full is the skeleton filled in. Paste raw material (notes, reviews, CSVs) rather than summaries of it: the model can only grade evidence it can see.
Problem list from your notes
Stage: produce · Use when: you want ideas that come from your own experience, not a generic brainstorm.
Quick
From my notes [paste a few weeks of problems, complaints and
workarounds], list the recurring problems: who else has them, how
they cope, how often, what it costs, and whether I can reach those
people. No solutions. Rank by pain × my access; mark guesses [NEEDS SOURCE].Full
<materials>
[paste your problem journal: dated notes of annoyances, workarounds
you built, complaints you heard at work, threads from communities
you're in]
</materials>
<context>
My background and access: [background, e.g. 8 years in vet-clinic IT;
active in two practice-manager forums]. Team:
[team: solo technical | solo non-technical | 2–3 founders]
with [runway, e.g. 6 months]. Goal:
[goal: venture-scale | profitable small business | side project].
</context>
<task>
Extract the recurring problems in my notes as candidates to validate,
so I can pick 2–3 to interview people about.
</task>
<requirements>
- Each problem as a problem hypothesis: who, what struggle, when, the
current workaround and its cost. No solutions.
- Quote the notes each one comes from, with dates.
- Flag any that sound made-up or look like tarpits (YC's terms), and
say why.
- Don't add problems that aren't in my notes.
- Never invent numbers, names, quotes or sources: write [NEEDS SOURCE]
where support is missing.
</requirements>
<quality_bar>
Before answering, check your draft against:
- Each problem names a specific person and moment, not a market.
- Frequency and cost come from the notes, or are marked unknown.
- My access to the people who have it is stated honestly.
- The ranking uses pain × access, not novelty.
</quality_bar>
<output_format>
A table: Problem hypothesis | Source notes | How often | Cost today |
My access (high, medium, low) | Flags. Then the top 3 and why.
</output_format>
<process>
Ask me up to 3 questions first if anything missing would change your
answer; otherwise go on.
End with a list of the assumptions you made.
</process>Idea comparison
Stage: options · Use when: you have several ideas and suspect you're biased toward one.
Quick
Compare these ideas as anonymous submissions: [paste A, B, C as
one-paragraph problems]. For each: who has it worst, what they do
today, why now, founder–market fit 1–5 given [background, e.g. vet IT],
tarpit risk, riskiest assumption, cheapest test. Rank them, say what
evidence would change the ranking, and mark guesses [NEEDS SOURCE].Full
<materials>
[paste each idea as a one-paragraph problem description, plus any
evidence for each: interviews, waitlist sign-ups, pre-orders]
</materials>
<context>
My background and access: [background, e.g. 8 years as IT contractor
to vet clinics; 40 clinic managers I can call]. Team:
[team: solo technical | solo non-technical | 2–3 founders]
with [runway, e.g. 6 months], [geography, e.g. US only]. Goal:
[goal: venture-scale | profitable small business | side project].
Treat the ideas as anonymous submissions, not mine.
</context>
<task>
Compare the ideas and recommend which one to validate next week.
</task>
<requirements>
- For each: who has the problem most acutely, what they do today, why
now, founder–market fit 1–5 with the reason, tarpit risk (who tried
and why they failed, or "unsure"), the riskiest assumption, and the
cheapest test of it this week.
- Grade each idea's evidence: hunch, interviews, commitments or money.
- Competitors you name are leads for me to check, not facts.
- Never invent numbers, names, quotes or sources: write [NEEDS SOURCE]
where support is missing.
</requirements>
<quality_bar>
Before answering, check your draft against:
- Every idea gets the same criteria and the same scrutiny.
- The ranking would hold if the ideas came in another order.
- The case against the top idea is as strong as the case for it.
- The recommended test is doable this week, by me alone.
</quality_bar>
<output_format>
A comparison table; the ranking with one paragraph per idea; what
evidence would change the ranking.
</output_format>
<process>
Ask me up to 3 questions first if anything missing would change your
answer; otherwise go on.
End with a list of the assumptions you made, then stop and wait for
my choice.
</process>Interview synthesis
Stage: produce · Use when: you've done 5–15 interviews and need the pattern, not your memory of it.
Quick
Here are notes from [number, e.g. 9] interviews, one block each:
[paste]. Give themes with counts and verbatim quotes; classify each
statement as compliment, opinion, past behavior or commitment; mark my
assumptions [paste them] supported, contradicted or untested. Don't
infer anything that isn't in the notes.Full
<materials>
[paste the interview notes, one block per person, each headed with a
label (P1, P2…), role, company size and date; anonymize names]
</materials>
<context>
Segment: [segment, e.g. independent vet clinics with 1–5 vets]. I ran
these interviews by The Mom Test to test these assumptions: [paste
your ranked riskiest assumptions]. Next I'll decide whether to
[decision: run a smoke test | re-segment | kill | do more interviews].
</context>
<task>
Synthesize the interviews into evidence for and against each
assumption.
</task>
<requirements>
- Themes with the number of people who raised each, unprompted vs.
prompted, with verbatim quotes and the person's label.
- Each quoted statement classified as compliment, opinion, past
behavior or commitment; only the last two (and money) count.
- Contradictions between people, and the people who don't fit.
- Each assumption marked supported, contradicted or untested.
- Never invent numbers, names, quotes or sources: write [NEEDS SOURCE]
where support is missing.
</requirements>
<quality_bar>
Before answering, check your draft against:
- Every quote appears word for word in the notes.
- Counts recompute from the notes.
- Compliments and predictions are never counted as support.
- Outliers are reported, not smoothed away.
</quality_bar>
<output_format>
A themes table (Theme | People | Unprompted? | Best quote); an
assumptions table (Assumption | Verdict | Evidence | Signal type); 3
questions to add to the next interviews.
</output_format>
<process>
Go straight to the synthesis.
End with a list of the assumptions you made.
</process>Bottom-up market size
Stage: produce · Use when: you need a market size you can defend to yourself or an investor.
Quick
Size the market for [product, e.g. reminder software for vet clinics]
at [price, e.g. $300/month] bottom-up: TAM, SAM and SOM as countable
customers × annual price, arithmetic shown. Label every input SOURCED
(with the source) or ASSUMED, and don't cite reports from memory.Full
<materials>
[paste any counts and prices you have with their source, e.g. a
Census County Business Patterns export, an association's member
count, competitors' pricing pages]
</materials>
<context>
Product: [product, e.g. appointment and reminder software]. Customer:
[customer, e.g. independent vet clinics with 1–5 vets]. Price:
[price, e.g. $300/month per clinic, tested with 5 clinics]. Model:
[model: subscription | usage-based | marketplace | transactional].
Region: [region, e.g. US]. It's for my own go/no-go now, and a seed
deck later.
</context>
<task>
Size TAM, SAM and SOM bottom-up, with a top-down cross-check.
</task>
<requirements>
- Define each tier as countable customers × annual price.
- For each count, name 2 ways to source it (public datasets,
directories, associations).
- Label every input SOURCED (with the source, from my materials) or
ASSUMED; never cite reports from memory.
- Compute in code or show each step; annual revenue, one currency.
- Low, base and high cases, and the single input that moves SOM most.
- Never invent numbers, names, quotes or sources: write [NEEDS SOURCE]
where support is missing.
</requirements>
<quality_bar>
Before answering, check your draft against:
- SOM counts customers I could reach and win in 3 years, not a
comfortable percentage of TAM.
- Units and periods match: monthly vs. annual, per seat vs. per
account, revenue vs. GMV.
- Implied spend per customer is plausible next to what they spend on
the alternative today.
- The gap between bottom-up and top-down is explained.
</quality_bar>
<output_format>
An inputs table (Input | Value | SOURCED or ASSUMED | Source); the
calculation; a low/base/high table; 3 sources to look up first.
</output_format>
<process>
Ask me up to 3 questions first if anything missing would change your
answer; otherwise go on.
End with a list of the assumptions you made.
</process>Lean Canvas and unit economics
Stage: produce · Use when: you have some evidence and want to see, on one page, whether the business could work.
Quick
Fill a Lean Canvas for [idea, e.g. reminders for vet clinics] from my
notes [paste], then sketch unit economics as ranges: CAC, gross
margin, churn, LTV, payback. Show each formula, label inputs SOURCED
or ASSUMED, and leave a box empty rather than guess.Full
<materials>
[paste your evidence and numbers: interview synthesis, price tests,
costs to serve (hosting, support hours, payment fees), channel tests
and what they cost]
</materials>
<context>
Idea: [idea, e.g. appointment reminders for independent vet clinics].
Model:
[model: subscription | usage-based | marketplace | freemium | services].
Evidence so far:
[evidence: hunch | interviews | commitments | paying customers].
It's for my own decision on whether the numbers can work before I
build.
</context>
<task>
Fill in a Lean Canvas and sketch the unit economics behind it.
</task>
<requirements>
- The nine Lean Canvas boxes: problem (with existing alternatives),
customer segments, unique value proposition, solution, channels,
revenue streams, cost structure, key metrics, unfair advantage.
- Unit economics as low, base and high: ARPU, gross margin (including
support and any inference or payment costs), CAC by channel, churn,
LTV = ARPU × gross margin ÷ churn, LTV:CAC, CAC payback in months.
- Use these definitions: [paste the formulas you use, e.g. from your
startup finance notes].
- Never invent numbers, names, quotes or sources: write [NEEDS SOURCE]
where support is missing; an empty box beats a guess.
</requirements>
<quality_bar>
Before answering, check your draft against:
- "Unfair advantage" can't be copied or bought, or the box says "none
yet".
- Churn and CAC are ranges, and the base case isn't the optimistic one.
- Payback uses gross-margin dollars, not revenue.
- The canvas names its riskiest box.
</quality_bar>
<output_format>
The canvas as a 9-row table (Box | Content | Evidence); a unit
economics table (Metric | Low | Base | High | Formula | Source); the
riskiest box and its cheapest test.
</output_format>
<process>
Ask me up to 3 questions first if anything missing would change your
answer; otherwise go on.
End with a list of the assumptions you made.
</process>MVP scope
Stage: produce · Use when: validation passed and you have a long feature wish list.
Quick
Riskiest open assumption: [assumption, e.g. clinics will let software
text their clients]. Features: [paste list]. Pick the MVP type that
tests it fastest, define the core loop, sort features into MUST,
MANUAL and NOT NOW, and set the success metric and pass mark first.Full
<materials>
[paste the feature wish list, the validation results and the riskiest
assumption still open]
</materials>
<context>
Team:
[team: solo technical | solo non-technical | 2–3 founders]
with [weeks available, e.g. 4]. Users: [users, e.g. 5 clinics from my
interviews who agreed to a pilot]. My preference:
[MVP type: concierge | Wizard of Oz | single feature | stitched tools].
I'm tempted to build most of the list.
</context>
<task>
Scope the MVP: the smallest product that tests the riskiest assumption
with real users.
</task>
<requirements>
- Choose the MVP type and say why it's fastest for this assumption,
even if that overrules my preference.
- One core loop; every MUST feature helps test the assumption.
- Sort every feature into MUST, MANUAL (done by hand, openly or
Wizard of Oz) or NOT NOW, one line each.
- Buildable in the weeks available by this team; flag what isn't.
- Success metric, pass threshold and decision date, set now.
- Never invent numbers, names, quotes or sources: write [NEEDS SOURCE]
where support is missing.
</requirements>
<quality_bar>
Before answering, check your draft against:
- The NOT NOW list is longer than the MUST list.
- Nothing is in MUST just because competitors have it.
- The metric measures behavior (repeat use, payment), not sign-ups.
- A failed threshold leads to a named next step.
</quality_bar>
<output_format>
The core loop in one sentence; a feature table (Feature | MUST,
MANUAL or NOT NOW | Why); a success-metric card; a week-by-week build
plan.
</output_format>
<process>
Ask me up to 3 questions first if anything missing would change your
answer; otherwise go on.
End with a list of the assumptions you made.
</process>Pre-mortem
Stage: review · Use when: you're about to commit months or money to the idea.
Quick
It's [date two years out, e.g. November 2028] and my company, which
[one-liner, e.g. sends reminders for vet clinics], has shut down.
From these facts [paste], write the post-mortem: 8 likeliest causes,
ranked, each with an early warning sign and the cheapest action this
month. No generic startup causes.Full
<materials>
[paste the plan, the validation results so far and the numbers you
have]
</materials>
<context>
The company: [one-liner, e.g. appointment reminders for independent
vet clinics]. Evidence so far:
[evidence: hunch | interviews | commitments | paying customers].
I'm about to commit [commitment, e.g. 6 months full time and $20k].
</context>
<task>
Run a pre-mortem (Gary Klein's method): it is two years from now and
the company has shut down. Write the internal post-mortem.
</task>
<requirements>
- The 8 most plausible causes across market, customer, product, team,
money and competition, ranked by likelihood given my facts.
- For each: an early warning sign I can watch now, and the cheapest
action that reduces the risk this month.
- At least one cause is about me as the founder.
- Never invent numbers, names, quotes or sources: write [NEEDS SOURCE]
where support is missing.
</requirements>
<quality_bar>
Before answering, check your draft against:
- Causes are specific to this company, not generic startup failure.
- The top cause is the one my evidence does least to rule out.
- Each warning sign is observable and has a number.
- Nothing is softened because the plan is mine.
</quality_bar>
<output_format>
A ranked table: Cause | Why likely here | Warning sign | Cheapest
action this month. Then a one-paragraph verdict.
</output_format>
<process>
Go straight to the post-mortem.
End with a list of the assumptions you made.
</process>Pitch deck review
Stage: review · Use when: the deck is drafted and the first investor meeting is next week.
Quick
Here's my deck, slide by slide: [paste the text of each slide]. As
investors would read it: the weakest slide, claims without evidence,
numbers that disagree across slides, and the 5 hardest questions.
Quote the slide for each point; don't rewrite.Full
<materials>
[paste the text of each slide, numbered, plus the data behind any
chart]
</materials>
<context>
Raising a [round: pre-seed | seed | Series A] round of [amount, e.g.
$750k] on a
[instrument: post-money SAFE | priced round | convertible note].
Meetings with [investors, e.g. 10 seed funds and angels in B2B
software] start [date, e.g. next Tuesday].
</context>
<task>
Review the deck as a partner meeting would: what makes investors pass,
and what to fix first. Don't rewrite slides.
</task>
<requirements>
- Check the order against problem, solution, why now, market,
traction, business model, competition, go-to-market, team, use of
funds, ask; say where to deviate (e.g. traction first).
- List every claim without evidence on the slide or in my data.
- Recompute every number and check it agrees across slides; check
dilution math (post = pre + new money; SAFE % = amount ÷ post-money
cap).
- Check whether market size is top-down or bottom-up.
- Never invent numbers, names, quotes or sources: write [NEEDS SOURCE]
where support is missing.
</requirements>
<quality_bar>
Before answering, check your draft against:
- Each criticism quotes the slide it's about.
- The 3 reasons to pass are ones an investor would actually give.
- Every number was recomputed, not eyeballed.
- Fixes are ranked by effect on the meeting, worst first.
</quality_bar>
<output_format>
The 3 likeliest reasons to pass; a slide table (Slide | Problem |
Fix); number inconsistencies; the 12 hardest questions, hardest first.
</output_format>
<process>
Don't rewrite the deck. End with a list of the assumptions you made.
Then ask me the questions one at a time and push back on weak answers.
</process>Worked example
Weak prompt
I have an idea for an AI app that helps vets. Is it a good idea?
Also what's the market size?What's wrong
- "An AI app that helps vets" is a solution looking for a problem: no person, no moment, no cost.
- "Is it a good idea?" invites agreement from a model that can tell the idea is yours.
- "What's the market size?" gets a confident top-down number with no sources.
- No evidence, constraints or decision, so nothing in the answer would change what you do next.
Strong prompt
<materials>
Problem I've observed: front-desk staff spend 45–60 min each morning
phoning clients to confirm appointments; no-shows still run high
(managers' estimate, not measured). Today: phone calls; some use the
reminder module in their practice software, which they call clunky.
Evidence: 12 interviews; 8 raised no-shows unprompted; 2 managers
paid $100 refundable deposits for a pilot. To work, I'd need about
$300 a month per clinic.
</materials>
<context>
8 years as IT contractor to vet clinics; I know about 40 clinic
managers. Solo technical founder, 6 months of runway, US only, aiming
for a profitable small business first. I'm deciding whether to spend
the next month on this.
</context>
<task>
Evaluate this as a problem worth validating, and give a verdict:
continue, re-segment or kill.
</task>
<requirements>
- Rewrite it as a problem hypothesis, with no solution in it.
- Say whether it's a tarpit, or a feature rather than a company: who
could stop me (practice-software vendors) and why they might not.
- Rank the 3 riskiest assumptions, each with its cheapest test.
- Bottom-up SOM: the counts I need and where to source them, with
labeled assumptions and the arithmetic shown.
- Never invent numbers, names, quotes or sources: write [NEEDS SOURCE]
where support is missing.
</requirements>
<quality_bar>
Before answering, check your draft against:
- Evidence is graded: compliments and opinions don't count; past
behavior, commitments and money do, by strength.
- The case against is as strong as the case for.
- Every number is labeled SOURCED or ASSUMED.
- The verdict names the evidence that would reverse it within 2 weeks.
</quality_bar>
<output_format>
Five numbered sections matching the requirements, then the verdict in
3 sentences.
</output_format>
<process>
Ask me up to 3 questions first if anything missing would change your
answer; otherwise go on.
End with a list of the assumptions you made.
</process>What came back
Illustrative, abridged:
1. Problem hypothesis
Front-desk staff at independent vet clinics lose 45–60 minutes every
morning confirming appointments by phone, and no-shows stay high.
2. Tarpit or feature?
A real risk: practice-software vendors already ship reminder modules
[NEEDS SOURCE: which vendors, and what clinics pay for them]. They may
not bother improving them, since reminders are a small part of a
large product...
3. Riskiest assumptions
Assumption Evidence Cheapest test
A Clinics switch from built-in reminders weak offer a 30-day
to a separate tool pilot to 10 clinics
B No-shows cost enough to justify a fix estimates count no-shows
only for 2 weeks at 3
clinics
C Clinics pay ~$300/month VALIDATED: none needed
2 deposits
4. Bottom-up SOM
Independent US clinics, 1–5 vets: ASSUMED 12,000 [NEEDS SOURCE:
Census County Business Patterns, NAICS 541940, by size class]
Reachable in 3 years: ASSUMED 2% = 240 clinics x $3,600 = $864k/yr
5. Verdict: continue. Willingness to pay is established; the open
question is switching (A). Would reverse if fewer than 3 of 10
clinics with a built-in module start the pilot.
Assumptions: ...How an expert judged it
Against the quality bar:
- Case against: good. It takes the vendor threat seriously and writes
[NEEDS SOURCE]instead of naming vendors from memory. - Numbers labeled: good. Every count is ASSUMED with a named place to source it, and the arithmetic is shown.
- Evidence graded: fails, and the verdict rests on the failure. Assumption C is marked VALIDATED from two refundable $100 pilot deposits by managers who already know you. That is a real commitment but a weak one: refundable, one-off, from your own network, and a third of the monthly price you need. It shows that two friendly contacts will try a pilot, not that strangers will pay $300 a month. Taking C off the list removes the test that most needs running.
- Reversal evidence: good. The verdict names a number and a test.
Verdict: useful, but re-rank before acting on it; the plan currently skips its most dangerous assumption.
The follow-up
Re-grade assumption C. Two refundable $100 pilot deposits from
managers I already know are a weak commitment, not evidence that
clinics will pay $300 a month. Put C back in the ranking, design the
cheapest test of that price with clinics outside my network, and say
whether your verdict changes. Keep everything else as it is.Judge the output
| Criterion | Good | Red flag |
|---|---|---|
| Problem-first | a specific person, situation and cost | "platform", "AI-powered", "for everyone" |
| Evidence graded | separates past behavior and commitments from opinions and guesses | treats enthusiasm or a simulated customer as validation |
| Honest skepticism | names the most likely way it fails | unconditional praise; "huge opportunity" |
| Numbers traceable | every input labeled sourced or assumed; arithmetic shown | a big precise TAM with no method |
| Sources real | links you can open, saying what it claims they say | reports and statistics you can't find |
| Competition complete | includes workarounds and doing nothing; admits uncertainty about current players | "no competitors"; dead companies listed as rivals |
| Actionable next step | a cheap test this week with a pass threshold | "do more research" |
| Correct finance terms | post = pre + new money; ownership sums to 100% | confuses pre- and post-money, or calls a SAFE a loan |
The same checks are built into the <quality_bar> of every full prompt on this sheet, so the model applies them
before you see the draft; you still apply them after.
Follow-up critique prompts:
You've been encouraging. Now argue the opposite as strongly as you
can: why will this fail? Which of your earlier points were too kind?
For every number in your last answer, label it SOURCED (with a source
I can check) or ASSUMED. Then recompute the totals.
Which of these "evidence" items would a skeptical investor dismiss,
and why? What evidence would they accept instead?
Check this cap table and dilution math: does each column sum to 100%,
is post-money = pre-money + new money, and is each SAFE's ownership
amount / post-money cap? Show any error.Pitfalls
| Pitfall | Why it hurts | Fix |
|---|---|---|
| Asking "is my idea good?" | the model tends to agree | present ideas neutrally; ask for the case against; use a fresh chat |
| Brainstorming without your context | generic, made-up ideas everyone else also gets | give your experience, access and observed problems |
| Treating role-play as validation | false confidence; you skip real interviews | role-play to rehearse; validate with real people and money |
| Trusting model market sizes | invented or mis-scoped numbers | bottom-up, labeled inputs, sources you open, two methods |
| Copying a competitor list | stale or wrong; misses the status quo | verify current players; always include workarounds and doing nothing |
| Feature-list MVPs | months of building before learning | one core loop; manual where possible; a dated decision |
| Top-down TAM slides | investors discount them instantly | bottom-up with a counting method |
| Mixing up valuation terms | bad decisions on dilution | check post = pre + new money and SAFE % = amount ÷ cap; confirm with a lawyer |
| Legal or tax answers taken as advice | real liability | use the model to prepare questions for professionals |
| Endless ideation with the model | it will generate ideas forever | timebox; pick, test, kill or continue on evidence |
References
- Paul Graham, "How to Get Startup Ideas" (opens in a new tab) (November 2012): organic vs. made-up ideas, "notice", wells not craters
- Paul Graham, "Be Good" (opens in a new tab) (April 2008): "Make something people want" as YC's motto
- Y Combinator Startup Library, "How to Get Startup Ideas" (opens in a new tab) and "Tarpit Ideas: The Sequel" (opens in a new tab): evaluating ideas and avoiding tarpits
- Rob Fitzpatrick, The Mom Test (opens in a new tab) (2013): customer conversations that produce evidence instead of compliments
- Clayton M. Christensen et al., "Know Your Customers' 'Jobs to Be Done'" (opens in a new tab) (Harvard Business Review, 2016): the JTBD framing
- Strategyzer, Business Model Canvas (opens in a new tab) and Lean Canvas (opens in a new tab): one-page business model sketches
- US Census Bureau, County Business Patterns (opens in a new tab): counts of US establishments by industry, for bottom-up sizing
- a16z, "16 Startup Metrics" (opens in a new tab): definitions investors use, and common mistakes with them
- Sequoia Capital, "Writing a Business Plan" (opens in a new tab): the standard pitch outline, including "why now"
- Y Combinator Startup Library, "How to build your seed round pitch deck" (opens in a new tab): YC's guidance on seed decks
- Geoff Ralston, "A guide to seed fundraising" (opens in a new tab) (Y Combinator, 2016): why, when and how much to raise; SAFEs, convertible debt and equity; valuation
- Y Combinator, SAFE financing documents (opens in a new tab): the post-money SAFE and its user guide
- Investor.gov, Accredited investors (opens in a new tab): the SEC definition that most US private startup offerings rely on
- Gary Klein, "Performing a Project Premortem" (opens in a new tab) (Harvard Business Review, September 2007): imagining failure to find risks